U.S. GDP by Year, Compared to Recessions and Events

The Strange Ups and Downs of the U.S. Economy Since 1929

By Kimberly Amadeo
Updated on May 26, 2022
Reviewed by
Robert C. Kelly
Robert Kelly
Reviewed by Robert C. Kelly
Robert Kelly is managing director of XTS Energy LLC, and has more than three decades of experience as a business executive. He is a professor of economics and has raised more than $4.5 billion in investment capital.
learn about our financial review board
Fact checked by Aaron Johnson
Photo:

The Balance / Julie Bang

U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) by year is a good overview of economic growth in the United States. The table below presents the nation's GDP for each year since 1929, compared to major economic events.

The table begins with the stock market crash of 1929 and goes through the subsequent Great Depression. It includes five wars and several serious recessions. These extreme swings in the business cycle put today's economic climate in perspective. You can compare the GDP by year to fiscal and monetary policies to get a complete picture of what works and what doesn't in the U.S. economy.

Key Takeaways

  • The GDP growth rate shows whether the country’s economy is flourishing or floundering.
  • A negative growth rate indicates contraction.
  • Real GDP takes into account inflation, so you can compare the GDP of different years.
  • Nominal GDP reflects the prices for the year in which the goods were produced.

Types of GDP

The Bureau of Economic Analysis compiles the data. Keep in mind, when reviewing this history, that the BEA measures GDP in two ways: nominal GDP and real GDP.

Nominal GDP

Nominal GDP is the total U.S. economic output for that year. The BEA also calls it the "current-dollar GDP," since it's measured as a dollar amount, and it doesn't take factors like inflation into account. Experts use nominal GDP to compare economic output to U.S. debt, which is also measured in dollars without adjusting for inflation.

Real GDP

Real GDP accounts for inflation, making comparisons to previous years more accurate. The BEA uses it to calculate the GDP growth rate and GDP per capita. Real GDP is important because without canceling out the effects of inflation, the GDP could appear to grow, when really all that's happened is an increase in prices.

Note

To calculate real GDP, the BEA starts with a reference year. The current base year is 2012. You'll notice that nominal and real GDP are the same in 2012. Real GDP shows what GDP would have been in each year if it were priced in 2012 dollars. That's how it removes the effect of inflation.

The current base year for GDP calculations is 2012. The period from which the weights for a measurement series are derived. The national income and product accounts (NIPAs) currently use the year 2000 as the base period. Rebasing changes the reference year (or base year) for the real (chained dollar and quantity index) estimates and price indexes and expresses GDP and other NIPA aggregates in terms of the prices of one year. The effect of rebasing is to produce chained-dollar estimates that are closer to additive for periods near the new base year. It is important to note that percentage changes based upon chain-type indexes are not affected by rebasing.

Generally, the year selected as the reference year is the latest year that will not be revised until the next comprehensive update. For the 2018 comprehensive update, real estimates were rebased from chained (2005) dollars to chained (2012) dollars.

U.S. GDP by Year Since 1929, Compared to Major Events

The following chart tracks both nominal and real GDP since 1929. Some historical events and government policies are added for context.

U.S. GDP
Year Nominal GDP (trillions) Real GDP (trillions) GDP Growth Rate Events Affecting GDP
1929 $0.105 $1.109 NA Depression began
1930 $0.092 $1.015 -8.5% Smoot-Hawley
1931 $0.077 $0.950 -6.4% Dust Bowl
1932 $0.060 $0.828 -12.9% Hoover tax hikes
1933 $0.057 $0.817 -1.2% New Deal
1934 $0.067 $0.906 10.8% U.S. debt rose
1935 $0.074 $0.986 8.9% Social Security
1936 $0.085 $1.113 12.9% FDR tax hikes
1937 $0.093 $1.170 5.1% Depression returned
1938 $0.087 $1.132 -3.3% Depression ended
1939 $0.093 $1.222 8.0% WWII, Dust Bowl ended
1940 $0.103 $1.330 8.8% Defense increased
1941 $0.129 $1.566 17.7% Pearl Harbor
1942 $0.166 $1.862 18.9%  
1943 $0.203 $2.178 17.0% Defense spending tripled
1944 $0.224 $2.352 8.0% Bretton Woods
1945 $0.228 $2.329 -1.0% WWII ended, recession
1946 $0.228 $2.058 -11.6% Truman budget cuts
1947 $0.250 $2.035 -1.1% Cold War began
1948 $0.275 $2.119 4.1% Recession
1949 $0.273 $2.107 -0.6% NATO, Fair Deal
1950 $0.300 $2.290 8.7% Korean War
1951 $0.347 $2.474 8.0%  
1952 $0.367 $2.575 4.1%  
1953 $0.389 $2.696 4.7% War ended, recession
1954 $0.391 $2.680 -0.6% Dow returned to 1929 high
1955 $0.426 $2.871 7.1%  
1956 $0.449  $2.932 2.1%  
1957 $0.474 $2.994 2.1% Recession
1958 $0.481 $2.972 -0.7% Recession ended
1959 $0.522 $3.178 6.9% Fed raised rates
1960 $0.542 $3.260 2.6% Recession
1961 $0.562 $3.344 2.6% JFK ended recession
1962 $0.604 $3.548 6.1%  
1963 $0.638 $3.703 4.4%  
1964 $0.685 $3.916 5.8% LBJ's Medicare, Medicaid
1965 $0.742 $4.171 6.5%  
1966 $0.813 $4.446 6.6% Vietnam War
1967 $0.860 $4.568 2.7%  
1968 $0.941 $4.792 4.9% Moon landing
1969 $1.018 $4.942 3.1% Nixon took office
1970 $1.073 $4.951 0.2% Recession
1971 $1.165 $5.114 3.3% Wage-price controls
1972 $1.279 $5.383 5.3% Stagflation
1973 $1.425 $5.687 5.6% End of gold standard
1974 $1.545 $5.657 -0.5% Watergate
1975 $1.685 $5.645 -0.2% Recession ended
1976 $1.873 $5.949 5.4% Fed lowered rates
1977 $2.082 $6.224 4.6%  
1978 $2.352 $6.569 5.5% Fed's 20% rate hike ended inflation
1979 $2.627 $6.777 3.2% Recession
1980 $2.857 $6.759 -0.3%  
1981 $3.207 $6.931 2.5% Reagan tax cuts
1982 $3.344 $6.806 -1.8% Recession ended
1983 $3.634 $7.118 4.6% Tax hike and defense spending 
1984 $4.038 $7.633 7.2%  
1985 $4.339 $7.951 4.2%  
1986 $4.580 $8.226 3.5% Tax cut
1987 $4.855 $8.511 3.5% Black Monday
1988 $5.236 $8.867 4.2% Fed raised rates
1989 $5.642 $9.192 3.7% S&L Crisis
1990 $5.963 $9.366 1.9% Recession
1991 $6.158 $9.355 -0.1%  
1992 $6.520 $9.685 3.5% NAFTA drafted
1993 $6.859 $9.952 2.8% Balanced Budget Act
1994 $7.287 $10.352 4.0%  
1995 $7.640 $10.630 2.7% Fed raised rates
1996 $8.073 $11.031 3.8% Welfare reform
1997 $8.578 $11.522 4.4%  
1998 $9.063 $12.038 4.5% LTCM crisis
1999 $9.631 $12.611 4.8% Repeal of Glass-Steagall
2000 $10.252 $13.131 4.1% Tech bubble burst
2001 $10.582 $13.262 1.0% 9/11 attacks
2002 $10.936 $13.493 1.7% War on Terror
2003 $11.458 $13.879 2.9% Iraq War, JGTRRA
2004 $12.214 $14.406 3.8%  
2005 $13.037 $14.913 3.5% Katrina, Bankruptcy Act
2006 $13.815 $15.338 2.9% Fed raised rates
2007 $14.452 $15.626 1.9% Bank crisis
2008 $14.713 $15.605 -0.1% Financial Crisis
2009 $14.449 $15.209 -2.5% Stimulus Act
2010 $14.992 $15.599 2.6% ACA, Dodd-Frank
2011 $15.543 $15.841 1.6% Japan earthquake
2012 $16.197 $16.197 2.2% Fiscal cliff
2013 $16.785 $16.495 1.8% Sequestration 
2014 $17.527 $16.912 2.5% QE ends
2015 $18.238 $17.432 3.1% TPP, Iran deal
2016 $18.745 $17.731 1.7% Presidential race
2017 $19.543 $18.144 2.3% Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (TCJA)
2018 $20.612 $18.688 3.0% Deficit spending
2019 $21,433 $19,092 2.2% Trade war
2020 $20,893 $18,384 -3.4% Covid-19 pandemic
2021 $22,996 $19,427 5.7% Covid-19 vaccine

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is GDP?

GDP is a measure of the total value of a country's economic output. Economists use it as a summary metric for the size of a country's economy.

How is GDP measured?

GDP is the total of a country's personal consumption, business investment, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports).

What is not included in GDP?

In the U.S., the Bureau of Economic Analysis excludes certain goods and services from GDP. For instance, the value of domestic services like parental care, though significant, is not included. Intermediate goods that are used to produce other goods are also not included. Goods that are produced and sold illegally on the underground market are excluded, as well.

Was this page helpful?
Sources
The Balance uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

  1. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Real Gross Domestic Property (GDPC1)."

  2. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Transcript: Gross Domestic Product - The Economic Lowdown Podcast Series."

  3. Bureau of Economic Analysis. "News Release." Click "Additional Information."

  4. Bureau of Economic Analysis. "Gross Domestic Product."

  5. Bureau of Economic Analysis. "Why Are Real Estimates Rebased?"

  6. Bureau of Economic Analysis. "Base Period."

  7. Bureau of Economic Analysis. “National Income and Product Accounts Tables: Table 1.1.5. Gross Domestic Product.”

  8. Bureau of Economic Analysis. “Table 1.1.6. Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained Dollars.”

  9. Bureau of Economic Analysis. “National Income and Product Accounts Tables: Table 1.1.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product.”

  10. Bureau of Economic Analysis. "What Is GDP?" Pages 1-2.

Part Of
Understanding GDP
Related Articles
Custom illustration shows a man writing on a chalkboard, writing about what real GDP is. Real GDP shows only growth, while nominal GDP shows prices and growth and is usually higher. The equation to find real GDP is nominal GDP divided by a deflator
Real GDP, How to Calculate It, Comparison to Nominal
Title reads: "Five ways to measure the U.S. economy"Image shows 5 icons with corresponding captions. The icons are a dollar bill and a few coins, a percentage sign over an zig-zagging, increasing arrow, a small house with a heart in it, a coin with a red arrow pointing downward, and a person with a ball and chain attached at the ankle and the ball has a dollar sign on it. The following captions are in the order of the icons just listed and correspond to them: "U.S. Nominal GDP: Measures economic output of the entire country. GDP Growth Rate: Measures year-over-year percent increase of economic output. GDP Per Capita: Estimates standard of living. Real GDP: Nominal GDP without inflation. Debt to GDP Ration: Determines whether annual income can pay off debt"
US GDP Statistics and How to Use Them
People shopping
Nominal GDP: How To Calculate It and When To Use It
Image
What Is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
Components of GDP Explained
two women
Real GDP Per Capita, How to Calculate It, and Data Since 1947
what is the GDP growth rate? Indicates how quickly the economy is growing or shrinking. Has four components: personal consumption, business investment, government spending, and net trade. Shows where the economy is within the business cycle. Real GDP adjusts for inflation
What Is the U.S. GDP Growth Rate?
Worker in a food distribution warehouse
U.S. Real GDP Growth Rate by Year Compared to Inflation and Unemployment
Historical US Unemployment Rate by Year
$100 bills
How Does the U.S. Economy Work?
Supermarket cashier in medical protective mask working at checkout
What Exactly Is the U.S. Economy?
Group of workers
Is the Economy Getting Better?
growth
2009 GDP Statistics, Growth, and Updates by Quarter
In the oval office, Former President George Bush., President-elect Barack Obama, President George W. Bush, former Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter, Washington, D.C., January 7, 2009.
GDP Growth by President
An illustration shows how a recession affects parts of the economy.
What Is a Recession?
How to Measure GDP by country: official exchange rate, purchasing power parity, GDP per capita
GDP by Country as Measured by Three Methods